Quando o presidente dos EUA diz que designará a “antifa” como uma organização terrorista, uma parte de mim pensa: bem, então continue, vamos ver se você consegue. Porque “antifa”, essa palavra horrível e estrangeira, é apenas uma abreviação de “antifascista”. As organizações podem ser banidas, mas não é tão fácil fazer o mesmo com as ideias.
Sou historiador e escrevo sobre antifascismo há 25 anos. Os primeiros ativistas que entrevistei foram uma geração de judeus que, em 1946 e 1947, ficaram chocados ao ver pessoas marchando pelas ruas de Londres vestindo camisas, suásticas pretas e armadas para uma luta. Como era a Grã-Bretanha, não os EUA, as armas dos fascistas eram um soco inglês ou lâminas espetadas em uma batata.
Provavelmente o ex-membro mais conhecido desse grupo foi o cabeleireiro Vidal Sassoon. Em seu livro Vidal: The Autobiography , ele descreve a rotina de trabalho em um salão de cabeleireiro ao lado do Harrods durante a semana, enquanto lutava contra o fascismo nos finais de semana.
Sassoon narra como era assistir aos telejornais: “o horror das imagens vindas de Auschwitz, Dachau, Buchenwald, Belsen e aparentemente tantos outros lugares: nunca mais se tornou apenas um slogan.”
Uma ideia, não uma organização
O 43 Group era radical em seu ódio ao fascismo. Mas, quando penso nas minhas entrevistas com o membro do grupo, o que realmente me impressionava é o quão cautelosos eles eram em todos os outros aspectos da vida.
Em meados dos anos sessenta, esses antifascistas tinham cópias do Daily Telegraph [equivalente ao Wall Street Journal nos EUA ou Valor no Brasil] na mesa do café da manhã. Eles moravam nos distritos afluentes da cidade, no norte ou oeste de Londres, não no East End. Nos seus últimos anos, Sassoon doou dinheiro para os Boys Clubs of America, não para a Democratic Socialist of America (DSA).
Não se tratava de um movimento clichê para a direita meia-idade; no contrário, o 43 Group sempre fora uma miscelânea de pessoas diferentes com políticas diferentes, unidas apenas pela ideia mutua de combater o fascismo.
O que é necessário entender sobre o antifascismo é que é uma ideia, não uma organização. Na Grã-Bretanha após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, não havia apenas um único grupo de antifascistas: além dos ex-militares judeus de quem eu estava falando, havia comunistas, sindicalistas e inúmeros outros envolvidos na batalha contra Oswald Mosley. Alguns antifascistas estavam em partidos; a maioria não.
E a situação nos EUA de hoje é ainda mais complexa: se você tentasse elaborar um organograma de todas as diferentes redes antifascistas, qualquer lista apresentaria dezenas de redes locais. De um lado, você tem serviços de coleta de informações bem financiados (como o Southern Poverty Law Center); do outro, você tem redes informais de co-pensadores que compartilham planos apenas com amigos de confiança. Os antifascistas não estão unidos por sua lealdade a um líder ou grupo; o que mantém as pessoas unidas é a crença de que algo está muito errado no governo.
Ameaça única
A ideia de que o fascismo representa uma ameaça única e que justifica um ato de resistência física que seria inapropriado se dirigido contra outros inimigos circula entre liberais e os que estão mais à esquerda há mais de cem anos. Até os membros do 43 Group estavam cientes de que estavam apenas no meio de uma tradição muito mais longa.
Semanas depois de Benito Mussolini ter conquistado o poder na Itália, em outubro de 1922, você podia encontrar oponentes do fascismo na Grã-Bretanha, na Alemanha, nos EUA e em toda a Europa se perguntando se o fascismo também poderia acontecer em seus países. Entre as primeiras pessoas a alertar para a ameaça representada pelo fascismo fora da Itália estava Clara Zetkin, editora há décadas do jornal socialista e feminista alemão Die Gleichheit, e responsável pela resolução que levou ao estabelecimento do Dia Internacional da Mulher (sim, a fundadora do Dia Internacional da Mulher era antifascista).
Ao escrever sobre a Alemanha em 1923, Clara Zetkin chamou o fascismo de “uma questão de sobrevivência para todo trabalhador comum”. Desde o início, você vê Clara e outros esquerdistas assistindo aos desdobramentos em Munique e o imitador local de Mussolini, Adolf Hitler. Dez anos antes de ele chegar ao poder, os antifascistas avisavam que, se algum país estava prestes a cair, era a Alemanha.
No momento em que essas advertências foram feitas, o fascismo tinha aparentemente pouco apoio. Até o final da década de 1920, os nazistas de Hitler estavam definhando na crise eleitoral. Eles enfrentaram uma série de concorrentes em um espaço entre fascismo e conservadorismo, muitos dos quais eram mais bem financiados, com acesso mais fácil à mídia e seus próprios meios de empregar violência paramilitar contra seus rivais. Dizer que o fascismo, apesar de todas as fraquezas de Hitler, era o oponente mais ameaçador que a esquerda alemã enfrentava era fazer uma previsão sobre como ele iria crescer e o que faria no poder.
Ora de maneira rude, ora sofisticada, essa primeira geração de antifascistas explicou que o fascismo é algo diferente da política de direita comum. Como procurou construir uma base de massa, prometendo aos seus apoiadores uma mudança revolucionária em suas próprias vidas, o fascismo conseguiu conquistar seguidores em tempos de crise e entre camadas sociais que, de outra forma, são a base natural da esquerda, incluindo os trabalhadores, os desempregados e os jovens. Como resultado, mesmo quando os fascistas eram relativamente poucos, eles foram capazes de crescer incrivelmente rápido.
Os primeiros antifascistas apostaram que, na luta entre Hitler e a República de Weimar, esta última tinha poucas chances se não se unisse e enfrentasse a ameaça nazista. A história mostra que eles estavam certos.
Tempos anormais
O que essa primeira geração de antifascistas deixou como legado foi a ideia de que, quando os líderes políticos começam a chamar gangues armadas para a rua, e quando se vangloriam da ideia de que uma pessoa tem mais direito de viver do que outra, o próximo passo não pode ser bom para ninguém.
O antifascismo é uma longa tradição. Durante a maior parte dos últimos setenta anos, também foi minoria. Em 1948, o líder fascista da Grã-Bretanha, Oswald Mosley, anunciou sua aposentadoria. Pelos próximos trinta anos, talvez houvesse algumas centenas de pessoas na Grã-Bretanha que se considerassem antes e acima de tudo antifascistas.
Quando a extrema-direita dos EUA ficou restrita a George Lincoln Rockwell e seu auto-declarado Partido Nazista, o antifascismo nos EUA não era mais popular. Se você quer saber por que mais estadunidenses hoje se consideram antifascistas, não precisa ir muito além de Donald Trump. Quando o político mais poderoso do mundo responde aos cânticos de “judeus não nos substituirão” louvando as “pessoas de bem” por trás deles, então não são tempos normais.
Então, fale sobre antifascismo o quanto quiser, ameace proibir antifascistas se quiser, mas uma vez que dezenas de milhares de pessoas começam a se identificar como antifascistas, talvez haja outro problema que precise ser discutido com mais urgência.
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