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Os ricos já têm uma Renda Básica Universal

A Renda Básica Universal (RBU) – um pagamento em dinheiro feito a todos os indivíduos do país – é criticada constantemente por alguns comentaristas. Entre outras coisas, eles argumentam que não gostam do fato de que um renda seja gerada aos indivíduos de uma maneira divorciada do trabalho. Argumenta-se que tal arranjo de renda levaria à falta de sentido, à disfunção social e ao ressentimento.

Um problema óbvio com essa análise é que a renda passiva – renda divorciada do trabalho – já existe. É chamado de renda de capital. Ele flui para vários indivíduos da sociedade na forma de juros, aluguéis e dividendos. Segundo Thomas Piketty, Saez e Zucman (PSZ), cerca de 30% de toda a renda produzida nos EUA é paga como renda de capital.

Se a renda passiva é tão destrutiva, então imagina-se que séculos dedicando um terço da renda nacional a ela já teriam destruído a sociedade.

Dízimo aos 1%

Em 2015, segundo o PSZ, o 1% mais rico dos EUA recebeu 20,2% de toda a renda do país. Dez pontos desses 20,2% vieram de renda líquida, juros líquidos, aluguéis de imóveis e o componente de capital da renda mista. Ou seja, 10% de toda a renda nacional é paga para o 1% como renda de capital. Permitam-me reiterar: um em cada dez dólares de renda produzido neste país é pago aos 1% mais ricos sem que eles tenham que trabalhar para isso.

Mesmo se você excluir o componente de capital da renda mista (uma vez que ela está conectada ao trabalho, mesmo que a renda não seja do trabalho) e aluguéis de casas (uma vez que são imputados aos proprietários em vez de pagos a eles em dinheiro), isso ainda significa que, somente com a renda e os juros, o 1% mais rico recebe 7,5% da renda nacional sem precisar trabalhar para isso. Em outras palavras: a pessoa média no 1% mais rico recebe uma RBU igual a 7,5 vezes a renda média no país.

Se a renda passiva é tão destrutiva, a situação de renda do 1% certamente é uma emergência nacional! De onde o 1% obtém seu significado com todo esse dinheiro livre entrando?

Renda de capital para todos

O fato é que as sociedades capitalistas já dedicam grande parte de sua produção econômica para transferir dinheiro a pessoas que não trabalharam para isso. A RNUnão inventa renda passiva. Apenas o distribui uniformemente para todos na sociedade, e não em quantidades concentradas para as pessoas mais ricas da sociedade.

A ideia de capturar os 30% da renda nacional que flui passivamente para o capital todos os anos e entregá-la a todos na sociedade em partes iguais existe desde que pelo menos Oskar Lange escreveu sobre isso nas primeiras partes do século passado. Esta é, para mim, a melhor maneira de fazer um RBU, tanto na prática quanto na ideologia. Não taxe mão-de-obra para distribuir riqueza aos “mocassins” da RBU. Em vez disso, pegue a renda de capital da sociedade, que já é paga às pessoas sem considerar se elas funcionam, e pague a todos.

Pode parecer uma ideia fantasiosa para alguns, mas é exatamente assim que o Alaska Permanent Fund and the Permanent Fund Dividend [Fundo Permanente do Alasca e o Dividendo do Fundo Permanente] funcionam. Por meio do Fundo Permanente, o estado do Alasca possui muitos ativos de capital. Esses ativos entregam fluxos anuais de renda de capital ao Estado, que são então parcelados em quantias iguais aos cidadãos do Alasca por meio dos dividendos.

Um RBU nacional funcionaria de maneira muito semelhante. O governo federal dos EUA empregaria várias estratégias (emissão obrigatória de ações, impostos sobre a riqueza, compras de ativos contracíclicos etc.) para criar um grande fundo de riqueza que possui ativos de capital. Esses ativos de capital trariam retornos. E então os retornos seriam parcelados como um dividendo social.

Se você tem um problema com isso, mas não tem acordo como a atual renda de capital é distribuída em grandes somas para pequenas frações da nossa sociedade, então o seu problema não é realmente com a renda passiva. É como ela é distribuída.

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Published in América do Norte, Análise, Capital and Economia

10 Comments

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